Russian Constitutional Development: Formal and Informal Practices

Formal or Informal, Practical or Impractical: Towards Integrating Formal Methods with Informal Practices in Software Engineering Education

Tw o conflicting schools of thought have been dominating software engineering education. One school stresses on the popular software development methodologies, but horror stories on poorly designed systems are not uncommon. The other school advocates formal methods, but most practitioners regard them as impractical. We recommend that we should bridge the gap between the formal and informal by b...

Formal and informal payments in health care facilities in two Russian cities, Tyumen and Lipetsk.

Informal payments for health care services are common in many transition countries, including Russia. While the Russian government proclaims its policy goal of improving access to and quality of free-of-charge health services, it has approved regulations that give local authorities the right to provide services against payment. This paper reports the results of a population-based survey (n = 20...

Patterns for B: Bridging Formal and Informal Development

A methodology integrating formal and informal software development

This paper presents a methodology integrating formal and informal soft ware development By distinguishing several dimensions and perspectives we structure the development process into stages and documents with di erent emphasis on formality Formality is only be required for documents which can be related through formal techniques to the system design

Formal and informal spiritual assessment.

Spirituality is increasingly recognized as an essential element of health. A novel model of interprofessional spiritual care was developed by a national consensus conference of experts in spiritual care and palliative care. Integral to this model is a spiritual screening, history or assessment as part of the routine history of patients. Spiritual screening can be done by a clinician on an intak...